Pregnant women are among the population groups most vulnerable to the effects of high ambient temperatures, which can increase the risk of dehydration, heat exhaustion, and impaired thermoregulation. Due to the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, the body has a reduced capacity to dissipate excess heat, while fluid requirements are increased.

Exposure to high temperatures, particularly when combined with physical exertion and inadequate fluid intake, may increase the risk of health complications for both the mother and the developing fetus.

Recommendations for pregnant women

Pregnant women should follow all public health recommendations issued by the Institute of Public Health for protection during hot weather and heatwaves. In addition, they are advised to:

·         avoid direct sun exposure and outdoor activities between 11:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m.;

·         drink sufficient fluids regularly throughout the day without waiting until they feel thirsty;

·         if they need to spend time outdoors, remain in the shade whenever possible, take frequent breaks, wear lightweight, light-coloured, loose-fitting clothing, sunglasses, and a wide-brimmed hat with a high crown, always carry drinking water, and, when spending extended periods outdoors, keep a mobile phone available to seek prompt medical assistance if symptoms of heat stress develop;

·         stay in air-conditioned or well-ventilated indoor environments whenever possible;

·         avoid prolonged physical exertion and activities that may lead to overheating;

·         eat light, smaller, and more frequent meals, and avoid heavy or high-calorie foods;

·         continue taking prescribed medications as directed and do not change or discontinue treatment without first consulting their obstetrician-gynaecologist or healthcare provider.

Recommendations for protecting pregnant women in the workplace

Pregnant women who are employed, particularly those working outdoors or in hot environments, require additional protection from heat stress.

During periods of high ambient temperatures, employers are encouraged to provide:

·         work schedules that minimise exposure during the hottest part of the day whenever feasible;

·         adjustments to work duties to avoid heavy physical labour and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight;

·         more frequent rest breaks in cool or shaded areas;

·         continuous access to safe drinking water and opportunities for regular hydration;

·         adequate natural or mechanical ventilation and cooling of indoor workplaces;

·         temporary adjustments or reassignment of duties for pregnant employees when workplace risk assessments indicate increased exposure to high temperatures;

·         avoidance of outdoor work in direct sunlight and during the hottest hours of the day whenever the nature of the work permits;

·         information and training for employees on recognising the early signs of heat stress and responding appropriately if symptoms occur.

When to seek medical attention

Pregnant women should contact their obstetrician-gynaecologist immediately or seek emergency medical care if they experience:

·         severe dizziness, extreme weakness, or loss of consciousness;

·         severe or persistent headache;

·         elevated body temperature or hot, dry skin;

·         difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, or confusion;

·         abdominal pain or uterine contractions;

·         a significant reduction in, or absence of, fetal movements.

The Institute of Public Health urges pregnant women, their family members, healthcare professionals, and employers to consistently follow these recommendations for protection against heat stress. Timely implementation of these measures helps protect the health of both mother and baby and reduces the risk of heat-related complications during periods of extreme heat.